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MMP-9 POLYMORPHISMS, PROTEIN LEVES AND ALBUMINURIA IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
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Abstract
Objective: To review the associations between MMP-9 gene polymorphisms, MMP-9 levels, and the severity of albuminuria in patients with T2DM. Methods: A comprehensive review and synthesis of clinical, epidemiological, and experimental studies on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MMP-9 gene, circulating MMP-9 levels, and their correlation with albuminuria in T2DM patients. Results: MMP-9 gene polymorphisms influence gene expression and enzymatic activity, which in turn contribute to glomerular damage and the development of albuminuria. Several studies have reported increased frequencies of risk alleles in affected populations, and elevated MMP-9 levels have been associated with early kidney damage and higher degrees of albuminuria. Conclusion: MMP-9 and its genetic variants may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection, risk stratification, and individualized treatment of diabetic nephropathy in T2DM. Further large-scale, multicenter studies are warranted to validate these associations and support clinical translation.
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Keywords
MMP-9, albuminuria, type 2 diabetes
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